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The End of History: Liu Xiaofeng's Speech at the Department of Philosophy of Sichuan University (Part 1) Liu Xiaofeng This lecture was invited by the Department of Philosophy, so what I am talking about is a philosophical topic, which may not sound so good.About ten years ago, we all knew that a book that caused widespread concern and controversy was published. This is Japanese American Studies."The End of History" written by Fukuyama. At that time (it) caused great repercussions in our Chinese academic circles, and there were many discussions. At the same time, probably in 1995, after the English version of the book was published (5 years), the book was translated into Chinese. But very strangeThe strange thing is that it was published in this Inner Mongolia publishing house.
Well, this Fukuyama, his book, put forward such a conclusion, he said, because of the Su Dongbo incident in 1989It shows the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the disintegration of the entire communist camp, indicating that history has come to an end. So this "calendarWhat does "end of history" mean? According to his explanation, the history of mankind has been in liberalism in the past century.Developed in the struggle between the two giants and communism, and liberalism finally struck communism to the ground.When I looked around, I found that I could no longer find an opponent, so history was over.
Well, today we will start with such a question, talk about it, and see what the end of history means. If thisLiberalism now has no ideological opponents, but history is still moving forward. We can say that human beings still have their ownHow can the history of economic and social development say that history is over? How could it be said that history is over? This is a problem. What does "history is over" mean? So "history", we can obviously see from this place, notRefers to the general history of human society, nature, and economy, but refers to a special concept. The concept he said, IFrom a philosophical point of view, we immediately think of the

 spiritual history that Hegel said. Anyone who studies philosophy knows well, Hegel said,This human history is actually a history of spiritual struggle. And this history of spiritual struggle is the root of people’s conflictssource. According to Hegel's explanation, human history is driven by an idea, and this idea is freedom. Freedom concept andIts enemies fight, go through some pros and cons stages, finally reach integration, and finally move toward victory. And finally the worldWill be under the shroud of the idea of freedom. If we read his "Philosophy of History", this is actually a bookBooks on Comparative Religious Philosophy-a lot of China is mentioned in the introduction. (Proposed in the book) The idea of freedom will eventually become a globalThe concept of sex: This is very much like the so-called globalized era we are facing today. And in the era of globalization, beautyThe country represents the so-called concept of freedom, and the concept of freedom is used to regulate other countries at every turn. (We) take a look at the mostThe recent newspapers are very clear about what the new US President Bush is talking about: they are all countries that do not believe in freedom.Enemy. For Hegel, the idea of freedom has become the spiritual driving force of historical development, but now, since liberalismThe idea has become the only idea that people believe in in the world, then history has completed its progress, to this place,(It) is over. Therefore, the "end of history" mentioned in this place refers to the end of a conceptual history.If we only know this, it seems that this is just a theoretical question,-by no means-the important thing is that weLet’s take a look at the meaning behind such a theory or such a statement, and what it means in the history of Western thought.What kind of spiritual traditions, and then we have to look at them, and what are the problems we face in China today?never mind. What we are going to discuss today is the idea, this idea, or this statement that history has ended. In one aspect, how is itIn this way, it is related to the western thought tradition, and we should clarify its meaning; the second is to look at it and

 our current international politics in China.Position (relationship) in the governance order and globalization issues.
The so-called "end of history" mentioned by Fukuyama, we mentioned Hegel earlier, and we (and therefore can) know that thisIt was not Fukuyama's own invention, or his unique formulation, but came from Hegel. but, Fukuyama’s interpretation and Hegel’s interpretation link the so-called Sudongbo incident in 1989 with Hegel’s statement.Up. This is what can be said to be the only unique thing in Fukuyama's book. (Actually), even Fukuyama against HaigEr’s interpretation of the so-called spiritual freedom concept is not Fukuyama’s, but from a French philosopher of Russian descent Kayafu (Note: The pronunciation is like this, for the time being as a note) It came from that place.
Now, we are about to turn to Kayafu. In Fukuyama's book, he mentioned Kayefu very clearly. He said, canYefu told him about the historical explanation of Hegel's so-called idea. He basically explained it according to Kayafu’s explanationHis explanation of the Su Dongbo incident. So what kind of person is this kayafu? Kayafu is called the 20th century philosophyThe "heroes". ——This "big knight" is the name (nickname) I gave him——First of all, because of this person,High reputation in the philosophical world. Some famous philosophers in the 20th century, including Berlin, and AronRecord) Ah, these people all call him "the most wise philosopher" they have ever met. But this philosopher, a lifetime experienceIt's very peculiar. He was encountering the October Revolution when he was in Russia in his early years.Selling fake and shoddy products was arrested by the Dzerzhinsky (?? 518) officer. But this man is indeed very smart, he (Actually) I was able to slip away from Dzerzhinsky to go to Germany to study for a Ph.D. (he) was studying for a Ph.D., ——Doctor of Philosophy from Jaspers-after finishing his doctorate, he went to France. In France, it was probably in the 1930sYears-the year the Nazis

 came to power, one of his fellow villagers-was teaching philosophy at the French Normal University, (he taughtCourse) is to explain Hegel's phenomenology of spirit-this year, when the fellow villager wants to go to Egypt, he will ask Koyev for the lesson.But Yefu went, and he was also talking about Hegel's phenomenology of spirit. But Yehuo became famous at that time. He is in lawThe Chinese Normal University has lectured on Hegel's spiritual phenomenology for six years. And (his) this interpretation of Hegel can be said to have taken away FranceThe soul of generations of thought circles. We can take a look at Aaron’s 50-year memoirs published by Beijing Sanlian Bookstore, in it,He has a very detailed description and recollection of Kayafu. He said that when Kayev explained Hegel, he showed the spirit of Hegel.Xiangxue fetched it, and then, besides,—he had no manuscript—he spoke Hegel’s micro-talk (?? 5320. Then,(One of his books) was published, and it caused great repercussions in the philosophical world. Once Berlin saw him, he complimented himHe wrote an amazing book. (May) Ke Yefu said, when did I write this book? I never wroteThe explanation of Hegel's phenomenology of spirit is just what the students wrote down during my lecture. ——It’s such a person, leadingLeading the spiritual soul of French philosophy. However, after six years, (originally) he could continue to teach in the university.(But) He doesn't teach anymore, he left philosophy, he went to politics. After a friend’s introduction, he got into the French FinanceThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs Committee has been serving in that place. ——The reason why I talk about this person’s general life, experience andThe story is to ask such a question: Why is Kayafu, a man who is called a great man with philosophical wisdom?He is not a professor of philosophy, he does not do philosophical research, he wants to go to politics: what does this matter itself mean? hisThe choice of behavior may have profound implications. Okay, let's hang this question in this place first, let's put it laterExplain.

 Let's first look at how Kayafu explained Hegel's phenomenology of spirit. Kayaf's Explanation of Hegel's Phenomenology of SpiritTo explain, he first started from the perspective of Hegel's (discourse) of masters and slaves. He said, the history of mankind isIt is composed of ideas, and this idea is produced by a certain part of human beings. And the history of mankind must be a struggleHistory. And this struggle is caused by the division of mankind into masters and slaves. In other words, the history of mankind (if) There is no history without the distinction between masters and slaves. Okay, if you say that the master and slave are the two kinds of peopleWhen the points disappear, history is over. So it means that if we want to say that history is over now, it meansThere is no distinction between master and slave. The question is, what do the masters and slaves refer to? Who are you referring to?But the original words of the Yefu said: "Man was not originally a master, nor a slave. There is no place for (master) people and slaves.There is no real person. In order to be a human being, people must at least be divided into two parts, and the mutualFunction is history. The struggle between the two parts of man, that is, the history formed by the struggle against nature, is ultimately the master and the slave.The history of the interaction between the subordinates. But now, when history has entered a static state, at this time the master and the slaveThe difference and the antagonism disappeared.” When we read this passage-we sound-there is nothing to say to Hegel at all.Big difference-there is not much difference here (mainly that they are all) very difficult and difficult to understand, and I don't know what it means. —-is not it? ——The key to the incomprehensibility of this passage lies in the meaning of "master" and "slave". Ok weLet’s interpret it according to the method of interpretation taught by Kayev.
Since the history of mankind is a struggle, and this struggle is produced by ideas, we can say that the "master" isIt is the idea of manufacturing-who in this world makes the idea? Isn't it these

 people who engage in philosophy? So we say thisThe "master" of the place is the philosopher. Who is the slave (again)? Slaves are those who don’t care about ideas and have nothing to do with ideasWe can call those people who are connected, do not create ideas, and do not live on ideas. We can call them the masses. So this is plainIt means that the history of mankind is produced by the distinction between two types of people-philosophers and ordinary people. If you say philosophers andThe distinction between ordinary people and ordinary people disappears, and history ends. Therefore, the end of history has a very special meaning. ThisIt is a philosophical question. When we think about the "end of history", we must not compare it with other humanities or general historyThe meaning of history is linked. This is a philosopher (learning) question, so he said, "Now the master is no longer the master, Because there are no longer slaves,-slaves are no longer slaves, because there are no longer masters. "Okay, we start from this paragraphThe explanation can be said that the end of history and the so-called ultimate victory of liberalism may be different from these two types of people.The disappearance is very relevant. So we’re going to ask next, if this is the case, does it mean liberal democracy—alsoIs it liberalism-what about people who no longer need a special spirit in the world of life they are pursuing? Does it mean the liberalism of lifeDo you want to pursue a world of life that does not require philosophers? This is also a question that we are suspending now, this questionIsn’t it related to what we just said about why Ke Yefu did not become a professor of philosophy and went to politics after six years? ThisThese are our questions, so let's not give a simple answer. As we will see next, the situation will be much more complicated.
In short, from the previous discussion, we can say that the relationship between ideas, history, and philosophers determines our understanding of today’s——Understanding the basic conditions of the era of globalization that we human beings live in. This immediately has a

 problem: since our rootsAccording to the previous inference, it is the ideal of liberalism that masters and slaves are no longer different, but it is the earliest liberal political thought.The philosopher Hobbes, the spokesperson of the philosopher, appeared to be a very spiritual person when he put forward the idea of freedom.In other words, where is the contradiction? If liberalism is to drive out spiritual people, the creation of liberalismHajiren appeared again wearing a spiritual appearance. Isn't that a very self-contradictory thing? This is the third we encounteredThis question is how to understand the essence of freedom concepts and ideas that we are facing today. Anyway, toIt is rare to describe such an idea in Hegel’s place with the idea of freedom. This idea of freedom will finally undergo a generalization.Go through the history and finish one's own course. And what is the result? This result is not just saying that the philosopher is gone, but more importantlyIn this world, it became a homogenous period dominated by technology. This is the first time when Kayefu explained Hegel at the time.Two key points of explanation. We have already mentioned that the focus of the first explanation is how history is formed-history isConflict and struggle, and conflict and struggle come from the idea, and the idea is because of the person who makes the idea. This is Kayaf’s interpretation of HegelThe first role of interpretation; the second aspect, he said, if this history of ideas is over, then human beings will not haveDifferences, no conflicts of ideas, everything is the same,-the homogeneous world of technology-so he used a very famousThe term "same technology" is called "same quality"-"same" is the "same" of "common", and "quality" is the "quality" of "quality".-"The homogenized world"-and the emergence of a homogenized world, the general history is over. The idea of freedom is equivalent toRealize yourself. This is Kayaf's second explanation of Hegel's phenomenology of spirit. The point of the third explanation is veryMeaning. He said that he predicted as early as the 1930s, saying don’t look at the theories of

 fascism and communism.Niandu is fighting and fighting with the ideals of liberalism. In the end, this communism can’t beat liberalism and will eventually be self-defeating.Conquered by doctrine. But despite this, in essence, liberalism and communism are the same. What does that mean? beforeFaced with a prediction, then that means that in the future, liberalism will definitely defeat communism. This seems to be-we can say itIt’s a very natural prophecy, and we don’t care about it-but in this place, "liberalism and communism areWhat does "the same" mean? We may only understand it this way: if communism is realized, its results may be the sameIt is a homogeneous world, and this philosopher will also disappear. This place should be mentioned and emphasized especially, but the Kayafu is oneA Marxist, he believes in the line of Hegel and Marx. Although he was detained in Dzerzhinsky’s detention facility,But he claimed to be a Stalinist. So this person is very peculiar. After he left university, he went to France for financeunit. Some of his old friends, some well-known philosophers, such as Strauss, asked his students to study with Kayaf.book. In the 1950s and 1960s, some students went to Paris to study with Kayev. Studying with Kayafu without a diploma! With a score bookNone of them. A famous big disciple of Strauss, Alan. Bron (note: record by sound), he recalled, ah, he ran toHow do I read the Fa when I go to Kayafu in Paris? He went to Kayefu’s office, but he put his legs on the table and talked to him.day. Even so, this Alan. Bron still read to him for three years, reluctant to leave. It is conceivable that this person has spiritual charmHow big. Well, let’s take this person’s thoughts and life itself as a case to look at the entire 20th century for 100 yearsChanges in Western thinking.
We have already clarified the three explanations of Kayaf for Hegel. Next, let’s take a look at Kayaf’s futureHow the history of history—the explanation of the end of history—is felt. this point is very important. He said, when humans are no longerThere is action, that is to say, no

 more bloody battles, history will come to an end. Okay, let’s take a closer look at the end of historyWhat does knot mean. The so-called end of history, people have no goal to fight for one thing, for spiritual power,This is the end of history. When the actual situation fully meets people's wishes-people originally have a willingness to pursue a goal--When this goal is achieved, the will ceases. When people are satisfied, humans no longer act. If humanIf you are truly satisfied with the current situation, there will no longer be any realistic will, and there will be no more transformation of reality-at the same timeWill no longer reinvent themselves. Doesn't this sound like Chairman Mao's words? I think it is very similar to Chairman Mao’s words: "People want oneSpiritual". Well, there is a place here that is very relevant to us, he said, the only desire of human beings, such asIf he is a philosopher, he will understand the status quo and its consequences, and show his understanding through words. In other words, likeAfter the end of history, this philosopher disappeared. What are the traditional philosophers doing? They just do one thing to realityThese understandings and acquaintances are over, there is no spiritual motivation to promote such a type of person. Our place should put ZheAs a special type of person, don't associate him completely with our existing professional dealers who engage in philosophy. canYe Fu is a senior associate at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and he is also a philosopher. At this time, we can say that the talent of a philosopher is a full explanation of reality.But now, philosophers can no longer talk about truth. This is the result of the so-called end of history. And in the end we already know, The end of history has two key consequences, one is that the world and life are already homogeneous, there is no difference, The second, a certain type of person, that is, the type of person who is the master and the slave, the master, hisSpiritual principles, this way of existence of human life is no longer there, and has lost his historical mission, or the principle of existence.by.

 Next, we have to examine, where did Hegel's idea of the end of history come from? We can say,Fukuyama talked about the concept of the end of history. We have already seen that he came from Kayaf, and Kayaf came from Hegel.of. Next, we have to ask, how could Hegel have—"suddenly thought"—combining history and ideas with these two things?How to express such a view together? Since history is over, history must have a beginning, how can there be no beginning?The end? A history with a beginning and an end-how did this idea come about? Is it from the "Bible"? In the "oldapproximately. In "Genesis", we can see that Christianity or Judaism only talks about the creation of God, not history.The beginning-end cycle. Strictly speaking, there is no historical concept in Christianity. In christianityLooking at the text of the "New Testament", there is no such thing as a "end of history" concept. why? Christianity certainly believesThe one in the future has God-God enters the new world of this world, the conversion of the new world. But Christianity neverSaid when this new world will definitely come. And the point is that for Christianity, the reality of the kingdom of GodIt is not something that humans can pursue, but God suddenly one day—in Paul’s words, like a thief, he will come.People have no way to anticipate and pursue. For Hegel’s concept of history, people need to pursue their will and develop, Fight for one thing. That is, where the concept of history comes from, this source is very problematic. We come againLook at the Greek concept. In Greek thinking, whether it is from the pre-Socrates epic and tragedy poets’ views on history, andThe ideas of Plato and Aristotle in the classical period can't speak of the concept of a historical beginning and an end. For the Greeks,History is like the cycle of the five virtues in China, it is cyclical. There is no beginning and end. So why do we nowDesperately investigate the origin of this concept? This involves our understanding of modern Western thought. Modern western thought,Especially the Western thoughts in the 20th century put forward the (?????) past life (??

 584) history is doing such a thing: justIt is to figure out how these concepts were formed in the modern West, that is, after the Renaissance, modern times, and after the 18th century.. Because these ideas led to the conflict of ideas in the 18th century, especially the 19th and 20th centuries. These conflicts are bloody.And we all know that these conflicts have brought human disasters. If you look for the root causes of these disasters, you will find 16Some ideas in the 17th century, we can even say that Hegel is such an idea. Marx’s idea, this revolutionThe concept of life struggle also developed from this concept. Push forward and look forward again, and the job becomes very difficult.However, efforts have been made in the history of Western thought to find out the root cause of this thought change. And this kind of clearing itself seems to beA kind of historical retrospect is actually to answer today’s problems and figure out what kind of mental state we are in todayOr cultural conditions.
At this moment, let’s take a look at the Western pursuit of historical ideals in the 20th century. Where did it come from?The situation is introduced. Let's go back and look at the issue of Kayaf we mentioned earlier. Usually we can say that when talking aboutWhen the liberalism concept is explained, it will be traced to the origin-pushing forward step by step-Hobbes, and pushing it forward will push it to the horseChiaviri. But this kind of liberal concept, according to traditional terms, can basically end at this time. and alsoIt is that they were produced from the spiritual ideas after the Renaissance. However, in the second half of the 20th century, peopleI found that the idea of liberalism may have deeper roots. This root cause may be found in the Middle Ages. Next, I want to introduce a very famous thought historian named Vipoli (note: record by sound). Vipoli is of Austrian originHe went to the United States in exile during the Nazi period, and he was one of the three well-known exiled philosophers who remained in the United States. These three philosophersThe scientist is—everyone probably knows Aldant (note: record by sound),

 because of his relationship with Heidegger.Everyone knows his name. The second is Strauss, and the third is Vipoli. Vipoli, his work is mainly in politicsThe history of thought. However, his so-called history of political thought is actually a spiritual history of human ideas. He has a lot of thoughtsFu, I won’t say much today, I’m just talking about him and "How did the historical concept come out?"Emotional (thought). According to Vipoli’s investigation, he found that the concept of history came into being in the late Middle Ages.In the early days, in the 12th century. At that time, there was a character who was a monk, the founder of a monastery.The first person, his name is Yuasimo (Note: Record by tone). In fact, many people don't know Yuasimo in history. butAt that time he was quite a famous person. His fame is because he founded a monastery, and this monastery has aThese were very strict rules, and his rules were quickly known to the Pope. So the Pope appreciated him very much. But the history of yoasiThe name is not because he is the founder of a monastery, but because he wrote some academic works. One of his most famous booksThe work is "On the Essence and Form of the Trinity". This book was published before he was alive, but he died not long after it was published. After his death, the Holy See immediately banned the book. This raises a question: why one is respected by the Holy See,We can even say that we are a respected monk or priest. How could the book he wrote be banned by the Holy See? Since then heHis fate was not very good, and his other books were not published at all. It was not until the 16th century after the Renaissance that his booksStart to republish.
These are gossips. Let’s take a look at what he wrote in these books, and how it is related to the so-called historical concepts.never mind. His thoughts are related to modern ideas, mainly the banned book "On the Essence of the Trinity andform". This book, on the surface, seems to be purely speculative. It is involved in medieval scholastic theology.How many positions does the

 emperor have? Such theological thinking seems to have nothing to do with politics or history. To mention his book and presentThe relationship between the historical concepts of the ages, we must have a simple understanding of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. II hope I can explain briefly what the Trinity is. The so-called Trinity means that what Christianity believes inEmperor is the God of Jesus Christ. We say that Christians believe in God is not accurate. There are many people who believe in God, and the ancient Chinese also believedGod, "God" is actually a word in "Shang Shu", isn't it? . Then, there must be a God in front of ChristianityThe definite attributive is "God of Jesus Christ". So how did this belief come about? Because at the beginningThere was a group of people around Jesus Christ who said, "This is God." —— Refers to the person Jesus Christ. Jesus and christ these twoThe names are different, Jesus is the name of a person, and Christ is the name of God. When you believe that Jesus is the Christ, you are acknowledging that Jesus isGod it. This is Christianity. But you can ask: How do you know that Jesus is the Christ and God? 704)? in caseJesus is God, where did God go? So this will give rise to where the position of God's body has gone (the question).To answer this question, the Christian faith developed the so-called "Trinity". This "Trinity" means, God has a place where his body is located, which is heaven, but God sees that the world is in dire straits,He wanted to save people, so he was incarnate in the human form of Jesus. So his body is in this place again. And then formed a spirit. His Holy Spirit came out. These are the three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. This is the doctrine of the Trinity. YuasiWhen this book talked about these things, he criticized the predecessors and said that the theologians in the front considered these relations when considering the TrinityIt was messy and complicated, and it made a fourth place. ——We don’t need to understand these pure theologyThink carefully. What is important for us is to see how these things are related to historical ideas. So this Trinity of YoassitaOn why

 it became the founder of later historical concepts? The thing is like this. For Yuasi, he said ah, god’sThe Trinity, the three persons of the Father, Son, Holy Spirit, is not a purely theoretical structural relationship, but a historical relationship.. In other words, the Trinity is a process of historical development, the Father is a stage, the Son is a stage, and the Holy Spirit is one.Stages. It is the stage of the Holy Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. And we are now in the transition from the Son to the Holy Spirit. immediately,This holy child stage is about to end. (And) the Father, in the age of the Old Testament, when Jesus came out, he put the Father-Old TestamentThe era is over. So after so many years, we are now entering the Son, which is the most important thing in the age of Jesus Christ.At the end, immediately transition to the age of the Holy Spirit. It means that we are now in the struggle from the age of the Son into the age of the Holy Spirit.In the mental state of fighting in the fight. It means that spirit is a driving force of historical conflict. Such an explanation by Yuasimo,We can call it "the Trinity of History". This is a very succinct one of Yuasimo’s thoughts, I think it’s aA fairly clear statement.
Next, we will look at the ideological consequences of such a statement, and at the same time we must also checkHow did such a statement come about? These are two different issues. For any theory, weBoth need to be clarified through different inquiries in these two aspects. In the first aspect, let’s take a look at what Yoacimo proposedWhat results did the historical Trinity lead to? We can first say that it fundamentally changed the structure of Christian thought. ChristianFrom the traditional perspective, we can say that it is not a historical and procedural one, but a duality: this is the presentWorld, this is the super world. In the transcendent world, God enters the world through his actions. Therefore, the relationship between man and God is at such a critical point.In the Department: It is felt in the tension of the opposition between the upper and the lower—or the super-world and the present world. So in the Christian faithThere are new heavens

 and new earths, but there will be no historical process or arranged beliefs. And Yuasimo, the ChristianThe dual structure is reversed, reversed, which is to arrange the tension between the super-world and the world into a homeopathic (?? 736) tension. Therefore, the inner tension becomes a historical process. This process makes history full of tension and conflict. we wantKnowing that Hegel had a theological background, he was quite aware of the meaning of traditional Christian theology. And many thought historians also say, Hegel’s spiritual history is an out-and-out Christian concept. But if we can’t find it in the original Christian traditionWhen it comes to this thing, then it is obvious that the historical Trinity of Uasimo is too close to Hegel's. at that time, Yuasimo even put forward a specific theory of prophecy. He said, in a few decades, we will soon start from the stage of the SonTurned to the Holy Spirit stage. He called the three historical stages of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit the epoch. We now call the epoch (??? 743). The word epoch was the first used by Yuasimo. We are now moving from the age of the father and the age of the son to the age of the holy spirit. This is the first major change brought by Yuasimo.
The second one is Yuacimo's conception of the Truth Group (???746). What does it mean? Yuasimo isOf the monastery. What is a monastery? We can make a rough analogy here. The Catholic tradition is called "The Grand Duke"Tradition, (??? 749) "Grand Duke" is university casbitle. (?? 749). What is casbitle (???)? Casbitle is a combination of two different factors, which is a synthesis of opposites. According to HegelLaw is the synthesis of opposites. In other words, in the structure of the Catholic Church, there is such a very strong structural contrast, Is the elite and the laity. (The tape below is interrupted)...The church structure has two major forms, which are very similar to the political system.Off. One aspect is the seminary, the other is the parish. The parish said an inappropriate metaphor, just like our armyArea. And the seminary is

 like our field army. The 38th Army and the 17th Army, they can move, they are all elite soldiers. teachDistricts, such as the diocese of Shanghai and the diocese of Chengdu, are all initiative-oriented, while the seminary is mainly composed of priests, monks, and seminarians.Women, they are willing to dedicate their lives to God. They lead a unique life, this life we can evenCall it a communist life. What does it mean? First of all, it does not have a kind of legal system management, but creates itselfSome rules to manage yourself. At the same time, some spiritual principles such as equality are implemented in it. Okay, what about Yuasimo, passHis historical Trinity theory raises a question: Who will promote the transition of the three epochs of history? He said, he wants to pass themThis group of monasteries promotes the development of history through this group of elites. At the end, entering the age of the Holy Spirit, inIn the age of the Holy Spirit, institutionally speaking, the life of the entire world should have become a seminary-style life. Okay, we start from the seminary styleYou can understand a lot of things in your life. We will do some explanation later.
This is the fundamental-I think the most important-structurally fundamental to the two aspects of Christian thought that Yuacimo broughtchange. The first is to change the structure of beliefs. The second is that the concept of truth has promoted the development of the historical era and changed Christ.What kind of structure is taught? It is the structure of the seminary's faith and the relationship between the people. Obviously this kind of seminary-the elite, let usImmediately think of Plato's "philosopher", or the type of philosopher-master called by Kayev. Because in the Middle Ages,When Greek philosophy was interrupted and Greco-Roman thought was interrupted, it was the age of Christianity. In the Greek era, it was what Kayaf saidPhilosopher, who will be the philosopher in the Christian era? Which are these elite monks. ChachawiIt protects this so-called master-slave structural relationship. This is one part of Yuacimo’s

 interpretation of this institutional structure of Christianity.Kind of change. However, Christianity was very flat at the beginning, and did not pay attention to the meritocracy. Here, this difference is very meaningful.
 The End of History: Liu Xiaofeng's Speech at the Department of Philosophy of Sichuan University (Part 2) Liu Xiaofeng We now turn to see how Yuasimo's thoughts came about. This is a very pious monk, how can he suddenlyPut forward this weird idea? Let us look forward to the reasons in the history of thought and the history of social politics. In yoaBefore the emergence of Seamer, Christian thought in Europe had no historical theology strictly speaking, but this did not mean a problem of history.does not exist. The problem is that the faith in Jesus Christ has a basic connotation, that is, I have to hold on to God and the futureHope. The hope of life is precisely the driving force of our lives. Although Christianity never tells when Jesus Christ will come, But it says that Jesus Christ is coming. When we know a certain thing or a certain prediction will definitely come true at a certain timeAt the time, this was actually a very scary thing. For example, in 1999 the year before last, there were often big predictions that Europe would be destroyed.——In July 1999, Europe was going to be destroyed, which was predicted by a prophet in the Middle Ages in France——I was about to go out at that timeWhen visiting Europe, some people say that you must come back before July. I would rather believe it if there is something or not, I am really JulyCome back, what if there is a big battle? I don't need to throw my life in, am I? ——At this time, whenI know that when there are only two months from May to July, what should I do in my life? How do I view my life? I am afraidThere will be strange panics. Some people may want to be martyrs and sacrifice a little bit, and some have to eat, drink and have fun quickly, To run out of money. is not it? So this prediction has a very precise time, it is a very scary thing to life, It will cause all aspects of people's spirit to be

 embarrassed and flee like ants. But on the other hand, if there is no one in lifePeople are also very lazy and numb when they are under mental stress. So the beauty of Christianity is that it tells you that Christ wantsCame, but did not say when to come. Always give you a mental pressure to live a good life, the faith of Jesus ChristYou definitely don’t want to look for a transcendent world, but you should pay attention to your current life is very worth cherishing, and at the same time be seriousBeen there. That's what I mean.
But when it came to Augustine, there was a problem. How did this problem arise? When Christianity believesWhen Jesus Christ is about to return, on what basis will his faith rest? It is relying on the church. Because people always ask: hey thisWhy hasn't a Jesus Christ come yet? The church initially explained it internally, saying that Jesus Christ had come partially,He has become a real church through the body of Jesus Christ. When we are with the church, we are actuallyJesus Christ is together. So the coming of Jesus Christ is, in short, a future historical (?? 840) question, and thisThe solution to the problem lies in the church. Even if it is said, Jesus Christ has partially come. However, by the time of AugustineGeneration, there is a trouble. What is the trouble? The social conditions at that time, we all know that Christianity was supported into an orthodox withThe religion of social domination (power) is associated with the Roman Empire. And by the time of Augustine, the Roman Empire came outIt was in trouble and collapsed, because the Christian Church was associated with the Roman Empire when it was formed. When the Roman Empire collapsedWhen it collapses, the foundation of the church collapses, and faith has a crisis. How can we believe that Jesus Christ is coming? ThisThis is the problem faced by Augustine. Augustine put forward his famous "God of God" and "Secular"People". And Augustine’s book is now called the classic of political philosophy. —The West isRe-translate and sort out their classics, the latest result is the "Western Political Thought

 Classics Series" published by Cambridge University Press", fifty or sixty books have been published. Among them is a retranslated version of Augustine’s "God God". There are already a lot of these books.The English translation has to be re-translated, which shows how the West treats its own classics. This book is 1,200 pages and is recognizedThe best (version). . We will do some explanation later.
This is the fundamental-I think the most important-structurally fundamental to the two aspects of Christian thought that Yuacimo broughtchange. The first is to change the structure of beliefs. The second is that the concept of truth has promoted the development of the historical era and changed Christ.What kind of structure is taught? It is the structure of the seminary's faith and the relationship between the people. Obviously this kind of seminary-the elite, let usImmediately think of Plato's "philosopher", or the type of philosopher-master called by Kayev. Because in the Middle Ages,When Greek philosophy was interrupted and Greco-Roman thought was interrupted, it was the age of Christianity. In the Greek era, it was what Kayaf saidPhilosopher, who will be the philosopher in the Christian era? Which are these elite monks. ChachawiIt protects this so-called master-slave structural relationship. This is one part of Yuacimo’s interpretation of this institutional structure of Christianity.Kind of change. However, Christianity was very flat at the beginning, and did not pay attention to the meritocracy. Here, this difference is very meaningful.
We now turn to see how Yuasimo's thoughts came about. This is a very pious monk, how can he suddenlyPut forward this weird idea? Let us look forward to the reasons in the history of thought and the history of social politics. In yoaBefore the emergence of Seamer, Christian thought in Europe had no historical theology strictly speaking, but this did not mean a problem of history.does not exist. The problem is that the faith in Jesus Christ has a basic connotation, that

 is, I have to hold on to God and the futureHope. The hope of life is precisely the driving force of our lives. Although Christianity never tells when Jesus Christ will come, But it says that Jesus Christ is coming. When we know a certain thing or a certain prediction will definitely come true at a certain timeAt the time, this was actually a very scary thing. For example, in 1999 the year before last, there were often big predictions that Europe would be destroyed.——In July 1999, Europe was going to be destroyed, which was predicted by a prophet in the Middle Ages in France——I was about to go out at that timeWhen visiting Europe, some people say that you must come back before July. I would rather believe it if there is something or not, I am really JulyCome back, what if there is a big battle? I don't need to throw my life in, am I? ——At this time, whenI know that when there are only two months from May to July, what should I do in my life? How do I view my life? I am afraidThere will be strange panics. Some people may want to be martyrs and sacrifice a little bit, and some have to eat, drink and have fun quickly, To run out of money. is not it? So this prediction has a very precise time, it is a very scary thing to life, It will cause all aspects of people's spirit to be embarrassed and flee like ants. But on the other hand, if there is no one in lifePeople are also very lazy and numb when they are under mental stress. So the beauty of Christianity is that it tells you that Christ wantsCame, but did not say when to come. Always give you a mental pressure to live a good life, the faith of Jesus ChristYou definitely don’t want to look for a transcendent world, but you should pay attention to your current life is very worth cherishing, and at the same time be seriousBeen there. That's what I mean.
But when it came to Augustine, there was a problem. How did this problem arise? When Christianity believesWhen Jesus Christ is about to return, on what basis will his faith rest? It is relying on the church. Because people always ask: hey thisWhy hasn't a Jesus Christ come yet?

 The church initially explained it internally, saying that Jesus Christ had come partially,He has become a real church through the body of Jesus Christ. When we are with the church, we are actuallyJesus Christ is together. So the coming of Jesus Christ is, in short, a future historical (?? 840) question, and thisThe solution to the problem lies in the church. Even if it is said, Jesus Christ has partially come. However, by the time of AugustineGeneration, there is a trouble. What is the trouble? The social conditions at that time, we all know that Christianity was supported into an orthodox withThe religion of social domination (power) is associated with the Roman Empire. And by the time of Augustine, the Roman Empire came outIt was in trouble and collapsed, because the Christian Church was associated with the Roman Empire when it was formed. When the Roman Empire collapsedWhen it collapses, the foundation of the church collapses, and faith has a crisis. How can we believe that Jesus Christ is coming? ThisThis is the problem faced by Augustine. Augustine put forward his famous "God of God" and "Secular"People". And Augustine’s book is now called the classic of political philosophy. —The West isRe-translate and sort out their classics, the latest result is the "Western Political Thought Classics Series" published by Cambridge University Press", fifty or sixty books have been published. Among them is a retranslated version of Augustine’s "God God". There are already a lot of these books.The English translation has to be re-translated, which shows how the West treats its own classics. This book is 1,200 pages and is recognizedThe best (version). In this book, Rio Gustine actually followed the traditional binary dichotomy to solve the problem at the time.The trouble that arises. At the same time, we can also understand why Augustine paid much attention to the seminary system. He thinks if this timeThe church collapsed, because the church is linked to political institutions, so we can only rely on the seminary. weNowadays, there are often people attacking Augustine to make many rules, and he used to repent of the swingers

 when he was young.Calendar) has a relationship. ——Actually, there are political reasons behind this, and there are far-reaching political, historical, ideological, and cultural relations.system. Where is this relationship? When the empire on which the church rests collapses, the church also collapses, and the parishes are like political and administrative divisions.Home, in his first book to the last book, Yuasimo is mentioned repeatedly. He said that we can take Marx’s thinkingWant to keep pushing forward, to the peasant theologian Minzel, and where did Minzel's ideas come from? From Yuasimoof. So we can see that the secret process of the development of inner ideas is very secret and interesting. Utopian ideaWhere is the key point? ——We can immediately understand why we are talking about communism and liberalism.The philosophy is the same. ——The idea of utopia, if we follow Bloch’s explanation, is derived from Uasimo, Then we can see that it is a variant of Yuasimo’s political theory of truth. And the most attained by truth politicsThe latter kingdom of the Holy Spirit is to eliminate the distinction between sacred and secular. Everyone has become the truth, this is to transform all the general communication people as wellInto the truth, and the sacred and the secular are integrated, and the sacred and the secular are not divided. This is not like a later homogenizedPeriod? Or is it not like the communist ideal we once envisioned? And the elimination of the so-called sacred distinction is notHow about the disappearance of the difference between the two types of people like master and slave? -Very similar.
These are the two main points of Uasimo’s thought explained by Vipoli, and the impact of the two main points on the thought history of future generations.influences. At the end of this section, let’s briefly summarize the decision of Yoacimo’s historical Trinitarianism on future generations.The role of sex. It can be said that Yoacimo’s historical Trinity has essentially raised a whole new question, which is the philosophy of history.The emergence of academic problems

 means that history has a beginning and an end. Before that, for Westerners, historyThere is no beginning and end. Similarly to our Chinese tradition, there is no history to begin or end this matter. Who took itBrought in? Liberalism, pacifism and, of course, Marxism in the 19th century. Now we China has enteredThe frame of the end of history is gone, and we in China are at a time when we are going to the end of history. We are not there every dayPursue a free and democratic system? So, it is clear that Yuasimo is immediately related to China. Well, such aThe emergence of this historical problem, we understand it from a philosophical point of view, its key lies in: it does not need to have an intention to giveThe question of righteousness—there is a meaning in history—has become a question that needs meaning. History has to be meaningful. calendarHow to realize the meaning of history has become a problem. It changed from a secular process to a spiritual conflict process.This is a direct ideological consequence of Yoacimo's historical Trinity. So, next, we liveThe reality and history of China must find an ultimate pursuit direction from it. And the direction of this pursuit is to follow the planSet and solve.
Well, from this place we can take a further example to illustrate the influence of Yuasimo on modern thought. I'll cite another hereA person outside is called Nuoweite (Note: Record 980 by tone). He is also a student of Heidegger, and he and HeideggerEr had a very good personal relationship, he was a good friend, but later turned against him. He is also a very outstanding person in the history of political thought.Color thinker. He wrote a masterpiece "World History and the History of Salvation" (?? 983), which was published in 49 years and causedReceived a great response. The Chinese translation of this book will be published by Beijing Sanlian Bookstore in one or two months. In the appendix of this book, There is a special article about Yuasimo's deformation. We just talked about a direct consequence of Yoacimo’s historical TrinityThe result is that the interior of history is regarded as having an ultimate purpose, we can

 pursue it, and then get it. This pair of future generationsHas a very big impact. Nobitt also discussed this aspect. He gave an example, he said, Lessing-he is enlightenmentThinker, and we also know that Marx admired him very much,-and Lessing is very close to YuasimoLink. After Uasimo's book was banned, his life experience was actually quite controversial. Some people admire him very much, there areSome people say that he is a religious fanatic. Just like what we call millennialism now is such a religious fanatic.Lessing said that Yuasimo is not a religious fanatic, he is a guide for our human spirit. But what he saidIs it a bit too anxious to plant a three-epoch historical plan to transform ideas? He didn’t take care of the transition from the Age of the Son to the Age of the Holy SpiritThe meta-transition stage requires a lot of work, especially human self-education. Therefore, Lessing proposed his famous"Human Education Theory". Why are so many people writing about human education in the 18th century? Rousseau wrote his "Emile"Fiction, and "Emile" we usually read it as a novel, but "Emile" is a classic of Rousseau's political thought.If we want to look at Rousseau’s political thoughts and find his two most essential books, it is impossible to leave "Inequality" and "Emile"". "Emile" is not a novel, it is about how humans educate themselves, so why are so many thinkers including horses?Kesi talks about human education. What does it mean to talk about human education? We have to ask, why are you talking about this suddenly? teachEducation is to turn the people into truth-like philosophers. All people become truth, so that truth and people, masters and slavesLi (the difference) will disappear. So, from one era to another, the key issues have to pass through a human’sSelf-education stage. This is Lessing’s great addition to Yoacimo’s thinking, and this addition is precisely the spirit of enlightenment.. What are we doing now? What we are doing now is to eliminate this gap. In other words, our current knowledgeMolecules, senior intellectuals such as masters and doctors, are different from ordinary people, but what we do

 nowIt is precisely to eliminate the difference between high-level intellectuals and ordinary people. This is what we are trying to do now. Or hit oneMetaphorically, what a philosopher did in the Enlightenment was to kill himself.
Our second example is how we can understand the fate of Western Christianity in the 20th century. What did Nietzsche say aboutThe emperor is dead. We often say that Nietzsche said that God is dead. What does this mean? It seems that Nietzsche is an anti-Christian figure. This promiseEspecially when he talked about Uasimo, he explained that Nietzsche’s superman thought came from Uasimo. how do I say this? He said, let’s take a look at the title of the first chapter of the first part of "Zaratus": "Three Transformations." These "three deformations"It will immediately make people think of Yuasimo. And what do the three deformations mean? The transformation of the spirit. The camel becomes a lion, and finallyBecome a baby. The first one is: you should give an order. This is the first type of spirit. Doesn’t it look like the Father? I want,-thisIt’s the second one. Does it look like the spirit of Jesus Christ? Then enter the childhood. Okay, put these three deformations and YoaThe three epochs of Seamer's historical Trinity are very consistent.
To give another example-but it has nothing to do with Nobitt-this is an example of Strauss. StraussOn one occasion, when he was writing "The Saying of Zaratus" to the students, he asked why the last chapter of the first volume was divided into three.Section, almost all parts are single section, why is this section three? The seminars he attends are all bigDisciple, everyone didn't know, and looked at each other. Strauss said, this is the Trinitarianism (of?? 068). Where do we readCome on? When we read Nietzsche, we really read Wang Tianshu, we can't read it. Combine the three deformations of Nobitt mentioned earlier and this lastLinking a passage, you can see the meaning of the structure of Nietzsche's scriptures as a whole. After reading this paragraph, I

 really put the "ZhaWhen I read this paragraph of "Latus", Yuasimo's breath came on his face. If you don’t believe it, you can read it yourself. inThere is a paragraph in the third paragraph, saying: The earth should become a place of healing. This is when the second paragraph turns to the third paragraph at the endWaiting. The earth should be filled with new breath. And this brings a breath of recovery, new hope. We call Nietzsche’s "enemyWhat does "Christ" and "antichrist" mean? According to Yuasimo, since Jesus Christ is about to end, it is about to end., Is about to turn to the Holy Spirit Era. So Nietzsche recognized his position and stood in this place. "Antichrist" isPromote the advancement of history and realize the transformation of the Kingdom of the Holy Spirit. Where is this Nietzsche’s "antichrist" is the antichrist, it is the wholeThink about the problem within the Christian framework. Strauss pointed out why it is divided into three sections, not just a literati.Well, I took it for granted that I used a single section, I like to write it this way, but when I get here, I just divide it into three sections. Not just casually, yesIt has its hidden history.
Through some of the previous investigations, we have already figured out the spiritual relationship between Yuasimo and modern secular thought, but IWe immediately encountered such a contradiction or problem. This problem is what we have mentioned before. Hobbes as a freeAn ideological thinker, what he pursues is a world that wants to smooth out all differences and eliminate human conflicts, but he uses anotherJihadist language. What is this all about? What is liberalism? What Hobbes put forward: human beings are in oneA natural state, this natural state is the conflict between man and man, the mutilation between man and man, and man and man are like wolves-and this stateThe state is to be eliminated. Therefore, eliminating conflict is a goal pursued by liberalism. This is what we said before finallyWhen this era is realized, there will be no conflicts. The conflict of ideas is gone. Where did the conflict come

 from? idea! ——You believe youYes, I believe in me. Of course, there are also some reasons for the religious wars at that time. But Hobbes put forward these (in the concept), if his thinking is to eliminate these conflicts, why does he have to bring a jihadist spirit? According to Nietzsche’s thoughtsIf you want to think about it, since entering the Kingdom of the Holy Spirit is a spiritual act, how can it lead to a universal homogeneity?Does the non-spiritual phenomenon appear? The key to this transformation is our understanding of the current problems of modern liberalism.Turning point. Where is this turning point? Let’s understand it this way: History is meant to enter a place in Yuasimo.How can a spiritual (?? 095) world become a secular world? We can call this conversionFor the worldly change of the spirit.
The first thing to realize is that when Yoacimo proposed the Trinity of History, what he did at the time was indeed not as a political party.The principles and propositions of governance came from him only as a theological theory of his. Therefore, the thinkers in the back led to some strangeWeird thoughts and Yuasimo's willingness should be said to be inconsistent. Yuasimo didn’t think about it that way, but later took himThrough historical evolution, his thoughts have been transformed into such an existing spirit. We can say that this spirit (Also) After a secular transformation, the key points of this secular transformation are implicit in modern times like HobbesThinkers' understanding of the relationship between religion and reality. So, a fundamental starting point of Hobbes’ thought is to say,The world should not be disturbed by these spirits. With this spirit, the world will be very full of contradictions, conflicts, and confusions.So we must eliminate these things (spirit?). But, where did he find these things imported from? Is christTeach the introduced. Christianity designed a future or transcendence world, and brought another perspective to this world, It makes people's lives have a sense of tension. Ever since, he felt that something like Christianity should be rebornCleared out of the

 living order. But Hobbes is living in an era when Christianity is dominant. How dare he say such things?? This leads us to solve a problem: how to read his "Levitan"? -"Levitan" is the history of Western thoughtA masterpiece from the previous article, what does "Levitan" mean? Hobbes’s book is full of Christian language, the bookThe names are all related to Christianity. His books often talk about "Satan’s people", "God’s people",He said that "Satan's people" and "God's people" are two different types of people; we are acting with Satan's dark people.Struggle is to fight against the devil. From this point of view, he is talking about something with a millennial language. this matterIt is to remove something. Hobbes’s Christian language is integrated with his inherent anti-Christian things, givingWe bring great difficulty in deciphering Hobbes' text. Through the interpretation of many scholars, we can answer this in this wayA question: Because of the political order and religion at the time, Hobbes was persecuted-he wrote this book when he was persecuted——When he wanted to express, he didn’t dare to express his views directly, he could only express it in a very obscure wayDarth's thoughts. Therefore, his use of "Levitan" as a symbol is not random. "Levitan" is the "Old Testament. In the Book of JobThe dragon monster on the face is very brave and fierce. So, he used this monster to describe the country. But this country, according to meIn our current understanding, Hobbes’ great contribution is to compare the current country to a monster that rules people, a colossal bureaucracy.machine. However, this understanding is far from his original intention. There may be two implied meanings: the first one, he usesWhat does such a symbol and language of Christianity speak about? He wants to swallow the Christian spirit through this monster! Make thisThis world no longer has spirit and ideas behind to support people's lives. This is the first one. Second, next, if thisIn the world, the country has lost the support of religion. Where do people's moral spirit and life (? 134) basis come from? this problemHere comes. Therefore, he must strengthen the absoluteness of state

 rule. We all know that Hobbes is talking about a country with absolute authoritarianismHome. Why is it an authoritarian country? When traditional religion and the state are combined, the state apparatus does not need so muchAuthoritative, because theocracy has laid the foundation for it. How do you maintain the world and society after you swallow up religion?Order, so that people will not fall into a natural cannibalism-because people are evil-how to restrain people's naturalevil? Hobbes's so-called authoritarian state is actually to solve the problems left after he swallowed Christianity. Well, from the previous analysis of Hobbes, we have connected Yuasimo’s problem. One of the key points of the connection isYu-what we want to emphasize here is a "transition": in the place of Yuasimo is a spiritual history threeOn the one hand, when it came to Hobbes, the place became secular—he secretly used the language of Christianity to secretly transfer this easternWest excluded. From this we can understand why liberalism is a struggle to eliminate conflicts between people and eliminate ideas.——Such a spiritual motivation and tendency.
Then we began to return to the issue of Kayafu and Fukuyama. But Yefu’s previous prophecy, what we said he was very remarkable wasHe predicted the end of history, that is to say, liberalism brought about the disappearance of spiritual direction. -Then heI am a Marxist again. How can this be explained? How does he understand such a consequence? We can do thiscome and see. Let’s ask first: If Kayev believes in such a concept, he should end this matter for history.Feel happy. But he was not happy. As we saw earlier, Kayev has a kind of implication about the end of history.The worries are inside. Here, this worry is the death of a philosopher to Kayafu. No more people of this type, And a homogeneous society emerged. How to prove this? We prove it by Kayev's own words. 1968Before he was about to die, he visited Tokyo, Japan. After the visit, he said, "In Japan, it has entered history in advance.After that, the end of history

 has long been realized in Japan." "Japan is a symbol of profit only, and 8 million Japanese are8 million shluks (???162)". This is what he said. 8 million Japanese means 8 million people who only want profit,-only profit is a diagramThe villain! In other words, after the realization of a free and democratic society, a society where everyone is a villain), ——This shows how can Kayafu be so happy and grateful for the end of history? From this we can askHe is not a philosopher to be a high-level consultant of the Ministry of Finance, I am afraid it has profound meaning. He is a high-level senator and has done a lot of things. Common europeHe was the first to participate in the design. He encouraged the design of the European Community. What does it mean to design the European Community? Customs and tradeHe participated in the drafting of the general agreement. After his visit from Japan, in 1968, when he returned, he made a secret and secret visitAsk Beijing, I will tell you a little bit quietly. It is very likely that I have met Chairman Mao. ——Why did you visit Beijing in 1968?? What was China doing at that time? Hasn't everyone become a spiritual person? After returning to Berlin, he gave another talkAfter the lecture, someone has to book a train ticket for him and go back to Paris directly. He said I’m no, I’m going to see someone, this person is moralThe only person in the country worth visiting. This man is a philosopher: Kasmit. (Note: Record 174 by tone) Kayafu andSuch a so-called homogenized world is not one—that is—not one type at all. He can't at allAccepting such a homogeneous world, his so-called prophecy—(we) just saw, oh, liberalism will eventuallyVictory, communism is over, — (but we forgot) Ke Yefu said that communism and liberalism are the sameThe thing is, there is no difference between being a liberal and being a Marxist. Because in the end such aThe result will be a homogenous technological rule. Lenin said, we can't (leave? 17) bread. YesIsn't it? We are not talking about science and technology, technology, productivity, are we? -Speak quietly-we are going inAll depends on technology,

 technology covers everything. In such a state, but he is not a philosopher, because he thinks such aThere is no way to develop history. However, he is going to do some real things and participate in the design of the European Community. EuropeWhat does community mean? I thought it was to reconnect this Europe. Europe represents a spirit.
Then we look at another example. Heidegger published his famous "What is Metaphysics" in 1935.play. What about the "Introduction" of this lecture—or the title of the book is "Introduction to Metaphysics"—in the "Introduction" of the "Introduction"In the face of (186), we talked about the United States and the Soviet Union. This makes us wonder how this metaphysical problem has anything to do with Russia and the United States.Does it matter? Is it irrelevant? Why does he talk about Russia and the United States again? We will stay watching this. In this bookHere, he quoted and mentioned his 1933 inauguration speech of the headmaster during the Nazi period. When this book was republished in the 1950s, he did not include itDelete, so many people are very angry, like Habermas is very angry, saying that Heidegger was a diehard Nazi, Never repented, still loyal to National Socialism. But the husband is not angry about this, why? Ok let's seeWhat does Heidegger's remark mean? He said,—that’s what he said about Russia and the United States. Let’s look at the whole paragraph.Let’s say--"When we say that the world is declining, what does the world mean? The world is always a spiritual world." This sentenceIn other words, we can completely replace the word "world" with "history". This can be said like this: "When we talk about the decline of history,What does history refer to at the time? History is always spiritual history.” Heidegger went on to say: “Animals have no worldWorld, and there is no environment around the world.” We can replace it with “history” to be more sophisticated: how can animals have history? Animals do notIsn't history? Talents have history, and human history is driven by spiritual concepts. For animals, there is no surroundingThe historical

 environment. "The decline of the world is a kind of deprivation of spiritual power"-we again translated it into a KayevLanguage: The decline of history is the deprivation of spiritual power, the dissipation and exhaustion of the spirit, the elimination and misunderstanding of the spirit. This is the meaning of the end of history. The next words are very exciting: "We said that Europe is in the middle of the United States and Russia.Hit",-two sides: what does the United States stand for? Liberalism. What does Russia stand for? Communism. These two countriesThe family is the same metaphysically, but essentially the same. In other words, their characteristics of the world and their relationship with the spirit arethe same. Translated into Kayev's language, it says: Their historical characteristics and their relationship with history are the same. --ThisIsn’t it the same as Kayafu’s prophecy in the 1930s? I believe these two great wise men didn’t say so on the phone, but sharedIt’s just such a feeling. Because this deprivation of spiritual power arises from Europe itself, and is ultimatelyDetermined by the mental state of Europe in the first half of the 19th century, the situation in Europe has become even more catastrophic. If weWhen Kayafu understood from this, he also believed that the advent of a free and democratic society would be catastrophic for Europe.It's useless to be a philosopher! Must enter historical action. Heidegger went on to write: "In the United States and Russia, there is noThe prevalence of a differentiated average state is no longer a trivial matter." What is an "indifferent average state"?Is it the "homogeneous and universal" world that Kayefu calls? is not it? "And the prevalence of such an average state is a kind ofAggressive, want to destroy all spiritual trends, destroy all spiritual creations in the world in history, and declare them as scamsImpulse.” In other words, whether it’s liberal communism, the two (metaphysics) are the same, and they both agreeFor the human spirit is a scam! Human beings should not have such a thing as "spiritual pursuit". Well, this is what we call destructionSexual, devastating impulse. -"Demon impulse", doesn't it look like Hobbes'

 language? There are manyThe symbol shows that Europe itself is still hesitant and at a loss in the face of this disaster. In this way, I believe that Heidegger has already votedThe reasons and thoughts of being in the Nazis are very clear. We are still discussing some unclear questions. He is in tenQuit after a month,-figure it out! He saw clearly that socialism in this country was not the same as what he thought. He began to thinkThis matter was a rescue operation, and now it is discovered that it is not. However, seeing a beauty wrong does not mean that the concept of pursuing beauty is wrong. Isn't your appearance correct? So I said that Heidegger did not change his words, which is quite understandable. The important thing is that we can manageTo understand the European spirit at that time-we (not often said) the American spirit (?), let's understand the European spirit now. canYefu and Heidegger regard things like the United States and Russia as demons. ——Okay, we now also regard the United States as evilDevilish, but definitely not what Kayev and Heidegger mean, but a different meaning. what does it mean? EveryoneJust think about it, so I won’t talk about it.
Next, we will enter why Kayafu should not be a philosopher to be a political high-level political senator (this matter). We can explain it like this:But Yefu has already seen that the future world will be a world where philosophers disappear. People don’t have spiritual ideas anymore, so he feelsHe can only save the spirit of Europe through actions, which is to rebuild the European Community through tangible actions to complete his maintenance of Europe.The desire of the Chau spirit. This kind of behavior reminds me of Confucius mentioned in Tai Shigong's "Preface": "I want to carry itEmpty words are not as well known as seeing and acting. ". This is the action chosen by the philosopher at this time. So weWhen understanding these spiritual behaviors, how should we treat them? For example, Confucius went to work as an editor. What is his book editing?meaning? He is not just compiling books, deleting the past and present. He and

 Kayafu went to work as senior counselors in the Ministry of Finance. NoConcept, people do not have such a spiritual motivation. So this is the meaning of the end of history. But this Fukuyama, goodHe is very happy for the advent of such an era. And what kind of symbol is this Japanese, Kayefu said, thisFukuyama is also Japanese... Is there a relationship between the two? I no longer know. However, the United States is not unreasonableWhat is the philosophy of the United States? It is an idea that defends life without an idea. This is the American philosophyLearn from Dewey to Rorty. Its philosophy is pragmatism. What is pragmatic philosophy? Pragmatic philosophy talks about usYou don’t need ideas to lead a better life. Well, for example, we China, or Japan, and our culture. But alsoThe husband said, without ideas, what is culture? What we China is chasing is Japan, which is in line with Japan, and (JapaneseThis kind of society just doesn't even have the idea to justify life without ideas. (And 0 this world is moving towards thisTo work hard in this direction, our pursuit is now to pursue in this direction. Next, we will face a fundamental difficulty we have now: we are all from a certain mental state of the nervesFrom the life and political order, we are concerned about such a nervous system that all people are gods and all people are spiritual people (Situation), that is, people who feel terrified and disgusted, at this moment, they immediately switch to another kind ofNot a spiritual person anymore. Can we only choose between these two states? Is there another order of life?What about the imaginary space? But we immediately discovered that when we asked this question, there was a kind of difficulty, becauseWho brought this question to? Now many of our philosophers and philosophers, in fact, according to Kayefu, thesePeople have nothing to do with philosophy. We have now talked a lot about the philosophy of Habermas and Rawls, and so on, (But) these people have nothing to do with philosophy. why? According to Kayafu and their understanding, philosophy is not theirs at allThe kind of thing you think. The philosophy of those

 people is precisely that (the philosophy) kills themselves. That's for usThe problem facing now (brought thinking). When we have to consider between the two choices we face, there may be a thirdWho still thinks about these people when they choose? Think about these issues? No one thinks about these questions anymore. This is meConcluding remarks of the lecture. Xiaoya Thought Network ( http://xythink.126.com )